The Operations of the National Security Agency - 435 Words

The National Security Agency (NSA) has been a United States discernment org since 1952 when President Truman formally named it; in spite of the fact that the office has been around since World War I translating code correspondences. It is presently one of the biggest United States brainpower associations on the planet. It works under the sway of the Department of Defense. The NSAs primary objectives are screening , gathering, deciphering, translating and examining data and information of outside intelligences around the globe. This incorporates the associated people with terrorism in the United States. A number of the operations the NSA does are clandestine and obscure by the overall population. They are given this sanction by the administration to guarantee insurance of the US from terrorism and different dangers. The office regularly utilizes tame approaches to gather data on remote knowledge including electronic frameworks irritating, tapping phone records, and subverting through subversive programming. Mass reconnaissance of the United States is likewise a practice utilized by Security Agency, gathering and putting away all telephone records of all American subjects. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an office under the locale of the United States Department of Homeland Security. Made in 1978, the offices main role is to facilitate the reaction to any calamity that happens in the US and is excessively for the assets of neighborhood and stateShow MoreRelatedThe Surveillance Operations of the National Security Agency1946 Words   |  8 Pagestake certain actions in order to provide security from those who seek to harm its citizens. But to what extent do the citizens of the United States knowingly authorize the actions that are necessary for their protection, and to what extent are they unaware or even purposefully deluded about the nature of such actions? The leaking of documents by Edward Snowden beginning in June 2013 that revealed the surveillance operations of the National Security Agency, or NSA, drew international attention toRead MoreEssay about Operation of National Security Agency (NSA)620 Words   |  3 Pagescompanies and government agencies that deal with vast amounts of peoples’ private information such as buying habits and personal online activity. Some of the companies involved in this dispute include social media giants like and Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook as well as other huge internet corporations such as Microsoft, Yahoo, AOL, Apple, and Google. On the federal side of this fiasco includes government organizations like the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Securities and Exchange CommissionRead MoreThe United States Code ( U.s. )1677 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment†. The foundational to US National Security and foreign relations are based on the three titles in the U.S.C, namely, Title 10, Ti tle 22, and Title 50; which â€Å"govern US Armed Forces, the Department of State, public diplomacy efforts, and national defense† (American Security Project, 2012). However, the National Security Act of 1947 was the first U.S. law on the conduct of intelligence operations. The act established the Central Intelligence Agency â€Å"to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminateRead MoreEssay on Intelligence Sharing: Intelligence and Law Enforcement1738 Words   |  7 Pagespolicing and the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing program were incorporated, and fusion centers were established to help gather intelligence from different levels of the government. Although law enforcement at the local, state, and tribal levels aid in intelligence collection, it is important to ensure that intelligence gathered to protect national security and law enforcement intelligence are kept separately. Even though law enforcement operations can strengthen intelligence operations and viceRe ad MorePaper ESF 131294 Words   |  6 PagesEmergency Support Function-13 (ESF-13), which covers public safety and security. The ESF-13 from FEMA details support services related to Public Safety and Security. The primary agency in control of ESF #13 is the Department of Justice/Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. The ATF’s efforts are to support the full range of incident management activities by coordinating and integrating public safety and security capabilities and resources. The Department of Justice designated the ATFRead MoreCyber Security Operations Centre ( Csoc ) Investigates And Analysis Cyber Attacks On Uk Networks1212 Words   |  5 PagesCyber Security Operations Centre (CSOC) investigates and analysis cyber-attacks on UK Networks and provide solutions and means to mitigate future attack. Its job is in cyber forensics and incident response while the Government Computer Emergency Response Team (GovCERT) deals with the public sector organisati ons on issues relating to computer security incidents, warnings, alerts, assistance and advice to prevent, reduce expose and mitigate attacks. The National Crime Agency formed in Oct 2013 toRead MoreCritical Infrastructure Protection1140 Words   |  5 Pagesof protecting the U.S. national infrastructure cannot be overstated. The protection of critical infrastructure is †¦essential to the nations security, public health and safety, economic vitality, and way of life, according to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). This paper delves into the mission and responsibilities of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and references other sources related to infrastructure security. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) ONE: The MissionRead MoreOur Nation s Critical Infrastructure1249 Words   |  5 Pageschanges to the national policies that protect the population and its critical infrastructure. Two main agencies that arose from the 911 Attacks were the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Homeland Defense (HLD). These two agencies are responsible for protecting countless potential terrorist targets, millions of citizens, and the thousands of miles of U.S boarders. How can two government agencies protect so many assets? This paper will explore the two agencies and identifyRead MoreModule 3 : Discussion Board755 Words   |  4 Pagesreduce threats to our security from terrorists and have changed law enforcement and policing in the United States. Today there is information sharing between agencies at the local and national levels; resources and staff are shared, bringing together individuals from various law enforcement and criminal justice agencies, FBI and the Joint Terrorism Task Force. Homeland Security and Partnerships between Law Enforcement and Intelligence Agencies The essence of Homeland Security is â€Å"Preparation forRead MoreHistory Of Intelligence During The United States1137 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod and also provided intelligence support to the United States military which helped develop policies and procedures of the United States toward other countries. The development of intelligence in the United States has ultimately provided higher security for our citizens. President George Washington took command over the Continental Army in 1775; he had agents devise secrete methods to analyze raw intelligence and was able to create campaigns to deceive the British armies. Washington believed that

Sex Is Not Only Important For The Existence Of Humanity

As women and men it is not only important for the existence of humanity, but also to fulfill an innate human desire for everyone to be able to express themselves sexually. Although sex can be something that men and women desire, and at times yearn for it is important to remember that sex is not just a physical act, it is something that comes with emotions and responsibility. Fundamentally it is important to understand how sex works and the anatomy of yourself and the opposite sex, the consequences of having unprotected sex, what and how to use contraceptives and finally understanding yourself and your sexual preferences. Before engaging in any sexual act it is important to understand the anatomy of the opposite sex and to understand why†¦show more content†¦During sexual intercourse or sexual activity, a substance known as semen, which is comprised of salt, water and other bodily fluids aid the sperm for its travel through a woman’s vagina, to her uterus to then attac h to an egg. This is the process called conception that allows for the growth of a baby within her womb. Much like men, women have external and internal sex organs. However, unlike men women are able to get pregnant and give birth to children due to the composition of their internal sex organs. The external sex organs of women are refereed to as the vulva. The components of the vulva include the mons venerus which is a lump above a woman’s pelvic bone mostly comprised of fat, labia majora which are lips made up of fat that cover or protect the vulva, labia manora which are smaller lips inward from the labia major, and the clitoris which is the external structure that is responsible for female orgasm. Female internal structures include the vagina which is a canal like structure that is made up of muscle. The vagina is the part of the body where a penis is inserted during vaginal intercourse. It connects to the cervix which is the bottom portion of the uterus that sticks out in to the vagina. A small narrow opening at the base of the cervix is where sperm enters once semen has been ejaculated into the vagina. The cervix leads

The Host Chapter 8 Loved Free Essays

You’re afraid to fly?† The Seeker’s voice was full of disbelief edging toward mockery. â€Å"You’ve traveled through deep space eight times and you’re afraid to take a shuttle to Tucson, Arizona?† â€Å"First of all, I’m not afraid. Second, when I traveled through deep space I wasn’t exactly aware of where I was, what with being stored in a hibernation chamber. We will write a custom essay sample on The Host Chapter 8: Loved or any similar topic only for you Order Now And third, this host gets motion sickness on shuttles.† The Seeker rolled her eyes in disgust. â€Å"So take medication! What would you have done if Healer Fords hadn’t relocated to Saint Mary’s? Would you be driving to Chicago?† â€Å"No. But since the option of driving is now reasonable, I will take it. It will be nice to see a bit more of this world. The desert can be stunning -â€Å" â€Å"The desert is dead boring.† â€Å"-and I’m not in any hurry. I have many things to think through, and I will appreciate some time alone.† I looked pointedly at her as I emphasized the last word. â€Å"I don’t understand the point of visiting your old Healer anyway. There are many competent Healers here.† â€Å"I’m comfortable with Healer Fords. He has experience with this, and I don’t trust that I have all the information I need.† I gave her another significant look. â€Å"You don’t have time to not hurry, Wanderer. I recognize the signs.† â€Å"Forgive me if I don’t consider your information impartial. I know enough of human behavior to recognize the signs of manipulation.† She glowered at me. I was packing my rental car with the few things I planned to take with me. I had enough clothes to go a week between washing, and the basic hygiene necessities. Though I wasn’t bringing much, I was leaving even less behind. I’d accumulated very little in the way of personal belongings. After all these months in my small apartment, the walls were still bare, the shelves empty. Perhaps I’d never meant to settle here. The Seeker was planted on the sidewalk next to my open trunk, assailing me with snide questions and comments whenever I was in hearing distance. At least I was secure in the belief that she was far too impatient to follow me on the road. She would take a shuttle to Tucson, just as she was hoping to shame me into doing. It was a huge relief. I imagined her joining me every time I stopped to eat, hovering outside gas station bathrooms, her inexhaustible inquisitions waiting for me whenever my vehicle paused at a light. I shuddered at the thought. If a new body meant freeing myself of the Seeker†¦ well, that was quite an inducement. I had another choice, too. I could abandon this entire world as a failure and move on to a tenth planet. I could work to forget this whole experience. Earth could be just a short blip in my otherwise spotless record. But where would I go? A planet I’d already experienced? The Singing World had been one of my favorites, but to give up sight for blindness? The Planet of the Flowers was lovely†¦ Yet chlorophyll-based life-forms had so little range of emotion. It would feel unbearably slow after the tempo of this human place. A new planet? There was a recent acquisition-here on Earth, they were calling the new hosts Dolphins for lack of a better comparison, though they resembled dragonflies more than marine mammals. A highly developed species, and certainly mobile, but after my long stay with the See Weeds, the thought of another water planet was repugnant to me. No, there was still so much to this planet that I hadn’t experienced. Nowhere else in the known universe called to me as strongly as this shady little green yard on this quiet street. Or held the lure of the empty desert sky, which I’d seen only in Melanie’s memories. Melanie did not share her opinion on my options. She had been very quiet since my decision to find Fords Deep Waters, my first Healer. I wasn’t sure what the detachment meant. Was she trying to seem less dangerous, less of a burden? Was she preparing herself for the invasion of the Seeker? For death? Or was she preparing to fight me? To try to take over? Whatever her plan, she kept herself distant. She was just a faint, watchful presence in the back of my head. I made my last trip inside, searching for anything forgotten. The apartment looked empty. There were only the basic furnishings that had been left by the last tenant. The same plates were still in the cupboards, the pillows on the bed, the lamps on the tables; if I didn’t come back, there would be little for the next tenant to clear out. The phone rang as I was stepping out the door, and I turned back to get it, but I was too late. I’d already set the message system to answer on the first ring. I knew what the caller would hear: my vague explanation that I would be out the rest of the semester, and that my classes would be canceled until a replacement could be found. No reason given. I looked at the clock on top of the television. It was barely past eight in the morning. I was sure it must be Curt on the phone, having just received the only slightly more detailed e-mail I’d sent him late last night. I felt guilty about not finishing out my commitment to him, almost like I was already skipping. Perhaps this step, this quitting, was the prelude to my next decision, my greater shame. The thought was uncomfortable. It made me unwilling to listen to whatever the message said, though I wasn’t in any real hurry to leave. I looked around the empty apartment one more time. There was no sense of leaving anything behind me, no fondness for these rooms. I had the strange feeling that this world-not just Melanie, but the entire orb of the planet-did not want me, no matter how much I wanted it. I just couldn’t seem to get my roots in. I smiled wryly at the thought of roots. This feeling was just superstitious nonsense. I’d never had a host that was capable of superstition. It was an interesting sensation. Like knowing you were being watched without being able to find the watcher. It raised goose bumps on the nape of my neck. I shut the door firmly behind me but did not touch the obsolete locks. No one would disturb this place until I returned or it was given to someone new. Without looking at the Seeker, I climbed into the car. I hadn’t done much driving, and neither had Melanie, so this made me a bit nervous. But I was sure I would get used to it soon enough. â€Å"I’ll be waiting for you in Tucson,† the Seeker said, leaning in the open passenger-side window as I started the engine. â€Å"I have no doubt of that,† I muttered. I found the controls on the door panel. Trying to hide a smile, I hit the button to raise the glass and watched her jump back. â€Å"Maybe†¦,† she said, raising her voice to almost a shout so that I could hear her over the engine noise and through the closed window, â€Å"maybe I’ll try it your way. Maybe I’ll see you on the road.† She smiled and shrugged. She was just saying it to upset me. I tried not to let her see that she had. I focused my eyes on the road ahead and pulled carefully away from the curb. It was easy enough to find the freeway and then follow the signs out of San Diego. Soon there were no signs to follow, no wrong turns to take. In eight hours I would be in Tucson. It wasn’t long enough. Perhaps I would stay a night in some small town along the way. If I could be sure that the Seeker would be ahead, waiting impatiently, rather than following behind, a stop would be a nice delay. I found myself looking in the rearview mirror often, searching for a sign of pursuit. I was driving slower than anyone else, unwilling to reach my destination, and the other cars passed me without pause. There were no faces I recognized as they moved ahead. I shouldn’t have let the Seeker’s taunt bother me; she clearly didn’t have the temperament to go anywhere slowly. Still†¦ I continued to watch for her. I’d been west to the ocean, north and south up and down the pretty California coastline, but I’d never been east for any distance at all. Civilization fell behind me quickly, and I was soon surrounded by the blank hills and rocks that were the precursors to the empty desert wastelands. It was very relaxing to be away from civilization, and this bothered me. I should not have found the loneliness so welcoming. Souls were sociable. We lived and worked and grew together in harmony. We were all the same: peaceful, friendly, honest. Why should I feel better away from my kind? Was it Melanie who made me this way? I searched for her but found her remote, dreaming in the back of my head. This was the best it had been since she’d started talking again. The miles passed quickly. The dark, rough rocks and the dusty plains covered in scrub flew by with monotonous uniformity. I realized I was driving faster than I’d meant to. There wasn’t anything to keep my mind occupied here, so I found it hard to linger. Absently, I wondered why the desert was so much more colorful in Melanie’s memories, so much more compelling. I let my mind coast with hers, trying to see what it was that was special about this vacant place. But she wasn’t seeing the sparse, dead land surrounding us. She was dreaming of another desert, canyoned and red, a magical place. She didn’t try to keep me out. In fact, she seemed almost unaware of my presence. I questioned again what her detachment meant. I sensed no thought of attack. It felt more like a preparation for the end. She was living in a happier place in her memory, as if she were saying goodbye. It was a place she had never allowed me to see before. There was a cabin, an ingenious dwelling tucked into a nook in the red sandstone, perilously close to the flash flood line. An unlikely place, far from any trail or path, built in what seemed a senseless location. A rough place, without any of the conveniences of modern technology. She remembered laughing at the sink one had to pump to pull water up from the ground. â€Å"It beats pipes,† Jared says, the crease between his eyes deepening as his brows pull together. He seems worried by my laugh. Is he afraid I don’t like it? â€Å"Nothing to trace, no evidence that we’re here.† â€Å"I love it,† I say quickly. â€Å"It’s like an old movie. It’s perfect.† The smile that never truly leaves his face-he smiles even in his sleep-grows wide. â€Å"They don’t tell you the worst parts in the movies. C’mon, I’ll show you where the latrine is.† I hear Jamie’s laughter echo through the narrow canyon as he runs ahead of us. His black hair bounces with his body. He bounces all the time now, this thin boy with the sun-darkened skin. I hadn’t realized how much weight those narrow shoulders were carrying. With Jared, he is positively buoyant. The anxious expression has faded, replaced by grins. We are both more resilient than I gave us credit for. â€Å"Who built this place?† â€Å"My father and older brothers. I helped, or rather hindered, a little. My dad loved to get away from everything. And he didn’t care much about convention. He never bothered to find out who the land actually belonged to or file permits or any of that pesky stuff.† Jared laughs, throwing his head back. The sun dances off the blond bits in his hair. â€Å"Officially, this place doesn’t exist. Convenient, isn’t it?† Without seeming to think about it, he reaches out and takes my hand. My skin burns where it meets his. It feels better than good, but it sets off a strange aching in my chest. He is forever touching me this way, always seeming to need to reassure himself that I am here. Does he realize what it does to me, the simple pressure of his warm palm next to mine? Does his pulse jump in his veins, too? Or is he just happy to not be alone anymore? He swings our arms as we walk beneath a little stand of cottonwood trees, their green so vivid against the red that it plays tricks on my eyes, confusing my focus. He is happy here, happier than in other places. I feel happy, too. The feeling is still unfamiliar. He hasn’t kissed me since that first night, when I screamed, finding the scar on his neck. Does he not want to kiss me again? Should I kiss him? What if he doesn’t like that? He looks down at me and smiles, the lines around his eyes crinkling into little webs. I wonder if he is as handsome as I think he is, or if it’s just that he’s the only person left in the whole world besides Jamie and me. No, I don’t think that’s it. He really is beautiful. â€Å"What are you thinking, Mel?† he asks. â€Å"You seem to be concentrating on something very important.† He laughs. I shrug, and my stomach flutters. â€Å"It’s beautiful here.† He looks around us. â€Å"Yes. But then, isn’t home always beautiful?† â€Å"Home.† I repeat the word quietly. â€Å"Home.† â€Å"Your home, too, if you want it.† â€Å"I want it.† It seems like every mile I’ve walked in the past three years has been toward this place. I never want to leave, though I know we’ll have to. Food doesn’t grow on trees. Not in the desert, at least. He squeezes my hand, and my heart punches against my ribs. It’s just like pain, this pleasure. There was a blurring sensation as Melanie skipped ahead, her thoughts dancing through the hot day until hours after the sun had fallen behind the red canyon walls. I went along, almost hypnotized by the endless road stretching ahead of me, the skeletal bushes flying by with mind-numbing sameness. I peek into the one narrow little bedroom. The full-size mattress is only inches away from the rough stone walls on either side. It gives me a deep, rich sense of joy to see Jamie asleep on a real bed, his head on a soft pillow. His lanky arms and legs sprawl out, leaving little room for me where I am meant to sleep. He is so much bigger in reality than the way I see him in my head. Almost ten-soon he won’t be a child at all. Except that he will always be a child to me. Jamie breathes evenly, sleeping sound. There is no fear in his dream, for this moment at least. I shut the door quietly and go back to the small couch where Jared waits. â€Å"Thank you,† I whisper, though I know shouting the words wouldn’t wake Jamie now. â€Å"I feel bad. This couch is much too short for you. Maybe you should take the bed with Jamie.† Jared chuckles. â€Å"Mel, you’re only a few inches shorter than I am. Sleep comfortably, for once. Next time I’m out, I’ll steal myself a cot or something.† I don’t like this, for lots of reasons. Will he be leaving soon? Will he take us with him when he goes? Does he see this room assignment as a permanent thing? He drops his arm around my shoulders and tucks me against his side. I scoot closer, though the heat of touching him has my heart aching again. â€Å"Why the frown?† he asks. â€Å"When will you†¦ when will we have to leave again?† He shrugs. â€Å"We scavenged enough on our way up that we’re set for a few months. I can do a few short raids if you want to stay in one place for a while. I’m sure you’re tired of running.† â€Å"Yes, I am,† I agree. I take a deep breath to make me brave. â€Å"But if you go, I go.† He hugs me tighter. â€Å"I’ll admit, I prefer it that way. The thought of being separated from you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He laughs quietly. â€Å"Does it sound crazy to say that I’d rather die? Too melodramatic?† â€Å"No, I know what you mean.† He must feel the same way I do. Would he say these things if he thought of me as just another human, and not as a woman? I realize that this is the first time we’ve ever been really alone since the night we met-the first time there’s been a door to close between a sleeping Jamie and the two of us. So many nights we’ve stayed awake, talking in whispers, telling all of our stories, the happy stories and the horror stories, always with Jamie’s head cradled on my lap. It makes my breath come faster, that simple closed door. â€Å"I don’t think you need to find a cot, not yet.† I feel his eyes on me, questioning, but I can’t meet them. I’m embarrassed now, too late. The words are out. â€Å"We’ll stay here until the food is gone, don’t worry. I’ve slept on worse things than this couch.† â€Å"That’s not what I mean,† I say, still looking down. â€Å"You get the bed, Mel. I’m not budging on that.† â€Å"That’s not what I mean, either.† It’s barely a whisper. â€Å"I meant the couch is plenty big for Jamie. He won’t outgrow it for a long time. I could share the bed with†¦ you.† There is a pause. I want to look up, to read the expression on his face, but I’m too mortified. What if he is disgusted? How will I stand it? Will he make me go away? His warm, callused fingers tug my chin up. My heart throbs when our eyes meet. â€Å"Mel, I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His face, for once, has no smile. I try to look away, but he holds my chin so that my gaze can’t escape his. Does he not feel the fire between his body and mine? Is that all me? How can it all be me? It feels like a flat sun trapped between us-pressed like a flower between the pages of a thick book, burning the paper. Does it feel like something else to him? Something bad? After a moment, his head turns; he’s the one looking away now, still keeping his grip on my chin. His voice is quiet. â€Å"You don’t owe me that, Melanie. You don’t owe me anything at all.† It’s hard for me to swallow. â€Å"I’m not saying†¦ I didn’t mean that I felt obligated. And†¦ you shouldn’t, either. Forget I said anything.† â€Å"Not likely, Mel.† He sighs, and I want to disappear. Give up-lose my mind to the invaders if that’s what it takes to erase this huge blunder. Trade the future to blot out the last two minutes of the past. Anything. Jared takes a deep breath. He squints at the floor, his eyes and jaw tight. â€Å"Mel, it doesn’t have to be like that. Just because we’re together, just because we’re the last man and woman on Earth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He struggles for words, something I don’t think I’ve ever seen him do before. â€Å"That doesn’t mean you have to do anything you don’t want to. I’m not the kind of man who would expect†¦ You don’t have to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looks so upset, still frowning away, that I find myself speaking, though I know it’s a mistake before I start. â€Å"That’s not what I mean,† I mutter. â€Å"Have to’ is not what I’m talking about, and I don’t think you’re that kind of man.’ No. Of course not. It’s just that -â€Å" Just that I love him. I grit my teeth together before I can humiliate myself more. I should bite my tongue off right now before it ruins anything else. â€Å"Just that†¦?† he asks. I try to shake my head, but he’s still holding my chin tight between his fingers. â€Å"Mel?† I yank free and shake my head fiercely. He leans closer to me, and his face is different suddenly. There’s a new conflict I don’t recognize in his expression, and even though I don’t understand it completely, it erases the feeling of rejection that’s making my eyes sting. â€Å"Will you talk to me? Please?† he murmurs. I can feel his breath on my cheek, and it’s a few seconds before I can think at all. His eyes make me forget that I am mortified, that I wanted to never speak again. â€Å"If I got to pick anyone, anyone at all, to be stranded on a deserted planet with, it would be you,† I whisper. The sun between us burns hotter. â€Å"I always want to be with you. And not just†¦ not just to talk to. When you touch me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I dare to let my fingers brush lightly along the warm skin of his arm, and it feels like the flames are flowing from their tips now. His arm tightens around me. Does he feel the fire? â€Å"I don’t want you to stop.† I want to be more exact, but I can’t find the words. That’s fine. It’s bad enough having admitted this much. â€Å"If you don’t feel the same way, I understand. Maybe it isn’t the same for you. That’s okay.† Lies. â€Å"Oh, Mel,† he sighs in my ear, and pulls my face around to meet his. More flames in his lips, fiercer than the others, blistering. I don’t know what I’m doing, but it doesn’t seem to matter. His hands are in my hair, and my heart is about to combust. I can’t breathe. I don’t want to breathe. But his lips move to my ear, and he holds my face when I try to find them again. â€Å"It was a miracle-more than a miracle-when I found you, Melanie. Right now, if I was given the choice between having the world back and having you, I wouldn’t be able to give you up. Not to save five billion lives.† â€Å"That’s wrong.† â€Å"Very wrong but very true.† â€Å"Jared,† I breathe. I try to reach for his lips again. He pulls away, looking like he has something to say. What more can there be? â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But?† How can there be a but? What could possibly follow all this fire that starts with a but? â€Å"But you’re seventeen, Melanie. And I’m twenty-six.† â€Å"What’s that got to do with anything?† He doesn’t answer. His hands stroke my arms slowly, painting them with fire. â€Å"You’ve got to be kidding me.† I lean back to search his face. â€Å"You’re going to worry about conventions when we’re past the end of the world?† He swallows loudly before he speaks. â€Å"Most conventions exist for a reason, Mel. I would feel like a bad person, like I was taking advantage. You’re very young.† â€Å"No one’s young anymore. Anyone who’s survived this long is ancient.† There’s a smile pulling up one corner of his mouth. â€Å"Maybe you’re right. But this isn’t something we need to rush.† â€Å"What is there to wait for?† I demand. He hesitates for a long moment, thinking. â€Å"Well, for one thing, there are some†¦ practical matters to consider.† I wonder if he is just searching for a distraction, trying to stall. That’s what it feels like. I raise one eyebrow. I can’t believe the turn this conversation has taken. If he really does want me, this is senseless. â€Å"See,† he explains, hesitating. Under the deep golden tan of his skin, it looks like he might be blushing. â€Å"When I was stocking this place, I wasn’t much planning for†¦ guests. What I mean is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The rest comes out in a rush. â€Å"Birth control was pretty much the last thing on my mind.† I feel my forehead crease. â€Å"Oh.† The smile is gone from his face, and for one short second there is a flash of anger I’ve never seen there before. It makes him look dangerous in a way I hadn’t imagined he could. â€Å"This isn’t the kind of world I’d want to bring a child into.† The words sink in, and I cringe at the thought of a tiny, innocent baby opening his eyes to this place. It’s bad enough to watch Jamie’s eyes, to know what this life will bring him, even in the best possible circumstances. Jared is suddenly Jared again. The skin around his eyes crinkles. â€Å"Besides, we’ve got plenty of time to†¦ think about this.† Stalling again, I suspect. â€Å"Do you realize how very, very little time we’ve been together so far? It’s been just four weeks since we found each other.† This floors me. â€Å"That can’t be.† â€Å"Twenty-nine days. I’m counting.† I think back. It’s not possible that it has been only twenty-nine days since Jared changed our lives. It seems like Jamie and I have been with Jared every bit as long as we were alone. Two or three years, maybe. â€Å"We’ve got time,† Jared says again. An abrupt panic, like a warning premonition, makes it impossible for me to speak for a long moment. He watches the change on my face with worried eyes. â€Å"You don’t know that.† The despair that softened when he found me strikes like the lash of a whip. â€Å"You can’t know how much time we’ll have. You don’t know if we should be counting in months or days or hours.† He laughs a warm laugh, touching his lips to the tense place where my eyebrows pull together. â€Å"Don’t worry, Mel. Miracles don’t work that way. I’ll never lose you. I’ll never let you get away from me.† She brought me back to the present-to the thin ribbon of the highway winding through the Arizona wasteland, baking under the fierce noon sun-without my choosing to return. I stared at the empty place ahead and felt the empty place inside. Her thought sighed faintly in my head: You never know how much time you’ll have. The tears I was crying belonged to both of us. How to cite The Host Chapter 8: Loved, Essay examples

Women battered Essay Example For Students

Women battered Essay In a conversation with my girlfriend about battered women, she said, Id never put up with that and then asked, Why would a woman stay in an abusive relationship? As relationships progress, there are more emotional and financial ties which makes it harder to leave. The average woman will leave her abuser seven or eight times before making the final break. Women may be afraid of strangers, but it is a husband, a lover, a boyfriend, or someone they know who is most likely to harm them. According to a U.S. Justice Department study, someone the woman knows commits two-thirds of violent attacks against women. In the United States, the most dangerous place for a woman is in her own home, where anger may explode into violence. Even though lower-class women have more recorded statistics on being battered, middle and upper-class women are also having to fight these same battles. However, fear of social embarrassment, harming their husbands standing in the community, and, most importantly, fear of not being believed cause middle and upper-class women to keep quiet. According to the FBI, there are approximately 1,500 women killed by husbands or boyfriends each year and there are about 2 million men who beat their partners each year. Furthermore, the FBI also states that domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women ages 15-45, more than rapes, muggings, and automobile accidents combined. Statistics on battered women are inaccurate, partially because of poor reporting techniques; women are afraid to come forth and usually there is no witness present. In order to help better define battered womens syndrome, the origins and development of the three primary theories of the syndrome and recommended treatments are outlined below. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), known in the mental health field as the clinicians bible, does not recognize battered womens syndrome as a distinct mental disorder. In fact, Dr. Lenore Walker, the architect of the classical battered womens syndrome theory, notes the syndrome is not an illness, but rather a theory that draws upon the principles of learned helplessness to explain why some women are unable to leave their abusers. Therefore, the classical battered womens syndrome theory is best regarded as an offshoot of the theory of learned helplessness and not a mental illness that afflicts abused women. The theory of learned helplessness sought to account for the passive behavior subjects exhibited when placed in an uncontrollable environment. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Martin Seligman, a famous researcher in the field of psychology, conducted a series of experiments in which dogs were placed in one of two types of cages. In the former cage, henceforth referred to as the shock cage, a bell would sound and the experimenters would electrify the entire floor seconds later, shocking the dog regardless of location. The latter cage, however, although similar in every other respect to the shock cage, contained a small area where the experimenters could administer no shock. Seligman observed that while the dogs in the latter cage learned to run to the non-electrified area after a series of shocks, the dogs in the shock cage gave up trying to escape, even when placed in the latter cage and shown that escape was possible. Seligman theorized that the dogs initial experience in the uncontrollable shock cage led them to believe that they could not control future events and was responsible for the observed disruptions in behavior and learning. Thus, according to the theory of learned helplessness, a subject placed in an uncontrollable environment will become passive and accept painful stimuli, even though escape is possible and apparent. In the late 1970s, Dr. Walker drew upon Seligmans research and incorporated it into her own theory, the battered womens syndrome, in an attempt to explain why battered women remain with their abusers. According to Dr. Walker, battered womens syndrome contains two distinct elements: a cycle of violence and symptoms of learned helplessness. The cycle of violence is composed of three phases (illustrated below): the tension building phase, the violence phase, and the seduction phase. This also illustrates how three dynamics, love, hope, and fear, keep the cycle in motion and make it hard to end a violent relationship. During the tension building phase, the victim is subjected to verbal abuse and minor battering incidents, such as slaps, pinches and psychological abuse. In this phase, the woman tries to pacify her batterer by using techniques that have worked previously. Typically, the woman showers her abuser with kindness or attempts to avoid him. However, the victims attempts to pacify her batter are often futile and only work to delay the inevitable acute battering incident. The tension building phase ends and the violence phase begins when the verbal abuse and minor battering evolve into an acute battering incident. A release of the tensions built during phase one characterizes the violence phase, which usually last for a period of two to twenty-four hours. The violence during this phase is unpredictable and inevitable, and statistics indicate that the risk of the batterer murdering his victim is at its greatest. The batterer places his victim in a constant state of fear, and she is unable to control her batterers violence by utilizing techniques that worked in the tension building phase. The victim, realizing her lack of control, attempts to lessen the violence by becoming passive. After the violence phase comes to a close, the cycle of violence enters the seduction or honeymoon phase. During this phase, the batterer apologizes for his abusive behavior and promises that it will never happen again. The behavior exhibited by the batter in the seduction phase closely resembles the behavior he exhibited when the couple first met and fell in love. The seduction phase is the most psychologically victimizing phase because the batterer fools the victim, who is relieved that the abuse has ended, into believing that he has changed. However, inevitably, the batterer begins to verbally abuse his victim and the cycle of abuse begins anew. According to Dr. Walker, Seligmans theory of learned helplessness explains why women stay with their abusers and occurs in a victim after the cycle of violence repeats numerous times. Dr. Walker asserts that, In the domestic abuse ambit, sporadic brutality, perceptions of powerlessness, lack of financial resources, and the superior strength of the batterer all combine to instill a feeling of helplessness in the victim. In other words, batterers condition women into believing that they are powerless to escape by subjecting them to a continuing pattern of uncontrollable violence and abuse. Dr. Walker, in applying the learned helplessness theory to battered women, changed societys perception of battered women by dispelling the myth that battered women like abuse and offering a logical and rationale explanation for why most stay with their abuser. As the classical theory of battered womens syndrome is based upon the psychological principles of conditioning, experts believe that behavior modification strategies are best suited for treating women suffering from the syndrome. This wheel (illustrated below) depicts relationships as a whole and how each seemingly unrelated behavior is an important part in an overall effort to control someone. A simple, yet effective, behavioral strategy to this consists of two stages. In the initial stage, the battered woman removes herself from the uncontrollable or shock cage environment and isolates herself from her abuser. Generally, professionals help the victim escape by using assertiveness training, modeling, and recommending use of the court system. After the woman terminates the abusive relationship, professionals give the victim relapse prevention training to ensure that subsequent exposure to abusive behavior will not cause maladaptive behavior. Although this strategy is effective, the model offered by Dr. Walker suggests that battered women usually do not actively seek out help. How to Write Literary Analysis Essay The authors of the early and present theory of post traumatic stress disorder considered a traumatic event to be outside the range of human experience. Such events included rape, torture, war, the Holocaust, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes, airplane crashes, and automobile accidents, but did not contemplate applying the diagnosis to battered women. Presently, the traumatic event need only be markedly distressing to almost anyone. Therefore, battered women have little trouble meeting the DSM-IV traumatic event diagnostic requirement because most people would find the abuse battered women are subjected to markedly distressing. In addition to meeting the traumatic event diagnostic criteria, an individual must have symptoms from the intrusive recollection, avoidant/numbing, and hyper arousal categories for a post traumatic stress disorder diagnosis to apply. The intrusive recollection category consists of symptoms that are distinct and easily identifiable. In individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, the traumatic event is a dominant psychological experience that seemingly would evoke panic, terror, dread, grief, and/or despair. Often, these feelings are manifested in daytime fantasies, traumatic nightmares, and flashbacks. Additionally, stimuli that the individual associates with the traumatic event can evoke mental images, emotional responses, and psychological reactions associated with the trauma. Examples of intrusive recollection symptoms a battered woman may suffer are fantasies of killing her batterer and flashbacks of battering incidents. The avoidant/numbing cluster consists of emotional strategies individuals with post traumatic stress disorder use to reduce the likelihood that they will either expose themselves to traumatic stimuli, or if exposed, will minimize their psychological response. The DSM-IV divides the strategies into three categories: behavioral, cognitive, and emotional. Behavioral strategies include avoiding situations where the stimuli are likely to be encountered. Cognitive strategies include amnesia by which individuals with post traumatic stress disorder cut off the conscious experience of trauma-based memories and feelings. Lastly, the individual may separate the cognitive aspects from the emotional aspects of psychological experience and perceive only the former. This type of psychic numbing serves as an emotional anesthesia that makes it extremely difficult for people with post traumatic stress disorder to participate in meaningful interpersonal relationships. Thus, a battered woman suffering from post traumatic stress disorder may avoid her batterer and repress trauma-based feelings and emotions. The hyper arousal category symptoms closely resemble those seen in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Although symptoms such as insomnia and irritability are generic anxiety symptoms, hyper vigilance, and startle are unique to post traumatic stress disorder. The hyper vigilance symptom may become so intense in individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder that it appears as if they are paranoid. A careful reading of post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and diagnostic criteria indicates that Dr. Walkers classical theory of battered womens syndrome is contained within. For instance, both theories require that the victim be exposed to a traumatic event. In Dr. Walkers theory, she describes the traumatic event as a cycle of violence. The post traumatic stress disorder theory, on the other hand, only requires that the event be markedly distressing to almost everyone. Thus, the cycle of violence described by Dr. Walker is considered a traumatic stressor for the purposes of diagnosing post traumatic stress disorder. Additionally, like the classical theory of battered womens syndrome, the theory of post traumatic stress disorder recognizes that an individual may become helpless after exposure to a traumatic event. Although the post traumatic stress disorder theory seems to incorporate Dr. Walkers theory, it is more inclusive in that it recognizes that different individuals may have different reactions to traumatic events. Furthermore, it does not rely heavily on the theory of learned helplessness to explain why battered women stay with their abusers. There are several methods a professional can utilize to treat individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. The most successful treatments are those that they administer immediately after the traumatic event. An expert would commonly call this type of treatment critical incident stress debriefing. Although this type of treatment is effective in halting the development of post traumatic stress disorder, the cyclical nature and gradual escalation of violence in domestic abuse situations make critical incident stress debriefing an unlikely therapy for battered women. The second type of treatment is administered after post traumatic stress disorder has developed and is less effective than critical incident stress debriefing. This type of treatment may consist of psychodynamic psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, and group therapy. The most effective post-manifestation treatment for battered women is group therapy. In a group therapy session, battered women can discuss traumatic memories, post traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and functional deficits with others that have had similar experiences. By discussing their experiences and symptoms, the women form a common bond and release repressed memories, feelings, and emotions. To summarize, many experts regard battered womens syndrome as a subcategory of post traumatic stress disorder. The diagnostic criteria for post traumatic stress disorder include a history of exposure to a traumatic event and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyper arousal symptoms. After exposure to a traumatic event, defined as one that is markedly distressing to almost everyone, an individual suffering from post traumatic stress disorder may suffer intrusive recollections, which consist of daytime fantasies, traumatic nightmares, and flashbacks. The individual may also try to avoid stimuli that remind them of the traumatic event and/or develop symptoms associated with generic anxiety disorders. Critical incident stress debriefing, psychodynamic psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmaco therapy, and group therapy are all recognized as effective treatments for post traumatic stress disorder. Feminists have come up with theories in regards to why women do not leave their abuser: they cannot support themselves and their children, they are isolated from friends and family, and they have been terrorized into a state of helplessness by repeated beatings. It is also important to note that battered women usually do not have any place to go. There are half as many shelters for battered women in this country as there are for stray animals, and most do not accept children. For every two women sheltered, five are turned away; for every two children sheltered, eight are turned away. This equates to half of all homeless women and children being on the streets due to violence in the home. Although there are many different theories of battered womens syndrome, most are all variations or hybrids of the three main theories outlined above. A sound understanding of Dr. Walkers classical battered womens syndrome theory is found in Gondolf and Fishers survivor theory of battered womens syndrome and the post traumatic stress disorder theory. This permits the reader to identify the origins and essential elements of these various hybrids and provide them with a better understanding of the plight of the battered woman. Given the prevalence of domestic abuse in our society, it is important to realize that the battered woman does not like abuse or is responsible for her victimization. The three theories discussed above all offer rationale explanations for why a battered women often stays with her abuser and explore the psychological harm caused by abuse while discounting the popular perception that battered women must enjoy the abuseBibliography:

Def Leppard - Hysteria Essays - Def Leppard, Hysteria, Women, Now

Def Leppard - Hysteria Def Leppard - HYSTERIA Def Leppards album, HYSTERIA (1987), is a great classic that will be forever remembered. Lead singer Joe Elliot sings songs all based around women, whether the songs be about mans need for a woman or the hardships that come with loving women. The main theme he deals with in this album is mens relationships to women (Adams 68). The relationships he speaks about in his songs are not necessarily love relationships. Elliot advocates his desires for the lusts of a woman in his songs. Def Leppard would rather keep it simple, with quick, punchy guitar riffs and a straight-from-the-crotch philosophy. These songs are devoted to one adolescent fantasy after anotherAnimal, Woman, and Armageddon It are just what you think they arewith music that pounds their hormone-heavy attitudes home. Its rarely more than 6 inches deep, but even mindless fun is still fun (Adams 68). Def Leppards album starts off with the song titled Women. Elliot discusses how In the beginning God made the land and Then He made the water and creatures, then He made manborn with a passion. He goes on to describe that there was something that was missing, something lost. He says that women are what mencant live without. Elliot makes many biblical references in this song. In the second verse, he describes that in the garden, lust began, referring to the Garden of Eden (Fricke 14). This song is a great example of the theme of mens relationships with women concerning mans search for women. Elliot is describing and making reference to the Bible to show that mans instinct and desire for women came from the beginning of time. He uses this powerful reference as a tool to justify his point that men need women. In the song Animal Elliot speaks mostly of his desires for lust. He says, just like a river runs, like a fire needs flame, I burn for you. He then goes on to describe just how he burn(s) for you. He says, I gotta feel it in my blood and I need your touch dont need your love. Elliot is also portrayed as a bit of a teaser. He admits that he uses women: Gonna hunt you like an animal / Gonna take your love n run. This shows the view he has on his value of womens vulnerable feelings of love. He is aware of his own lusts and desires. In this song, he doesnt seem concerned about the womans feelings. In this age of enlightenment, its not often that you hear rock singers coming out with these such lyrics. Not with a straight face, anyway. But Def Leppard wouldnt know the meaning of post-modern irony if it sneaked up and pinched their leather-clad backsides (Briggs). Love Bites is one of Elliots most famous songs. Theres no more to it, this song describes a mans vulnerability in women: his paranoia that a woman is unfaithful to him (Fricke 38). Elliots insecurity is illustrated in this song. He says, Who do you think of, does he look like me?, clearly implying his insecurities with the subject, the girl, hes singing to. Hes worried that the girl will lead him on to fall in love with her and then let him go. He clearly expresses in his song that he doesnt trust the girl. Hes so worried that she wants to use him as a toy, Do you think twice or just touch and see?. In the chorus, he goes on to talk about how he doesnt wanna touch you too much baby, cause making love to you might drive me crazy. He is aware of his handicap around her. He is aware that he cant control his feelings, his thoughts, his emotions when he is around this girl with so much influence on his heart. Elliot describes his fears that if he sleeps with the girl, she will walk out. H e tries to explain to her, but also to himself, that it cant be love if she throws his love around, meaning: if she doesnt take things seriously. He seems to try to convince the girl to treat him right and take his love seriously, yet he seems to

Healthcare Data Example

Healthcare Data Example Healthcare Data – Coursework Example Healthcare Data al Affiliation: Healthcare Data The use of technology in the health care sector is playing a significant role in enhancing service delivery. However, majority of the healthcare providers have not been trained on how to handle personal data of the patients (Koontz, 2013). This is putting a threat to the ethical guidelines that govern the sector. Therefore, in order to safeguard the privacy of the patients. The current workforce needs to be taken through a vigorous training on how to handle data and protect it from a third party. In addition, they need some training on how to use the modern technology being installed in the sector without compromising the ethical guidelines. This would be significant in ensuring that they are not left behind during this immense transformation in their working environment. Currently, cyber threats have increased tremendously. Cases of identity theft and use of personal information from social media and other platforms to manipulate the o wners have increased over the years. Although healthcare sector has not handled a lot of cases in relation to the same, the trend is shifting to institutions that handle critical data about different personalities in the society (Ball,  Weaver, & Kiel, 2004). Therefore, this should cease from being a debate but a call for action. Immediate intervention is needed in order to protect the privacy of the people and avoid any theft of information from the sector. Unlike previously when the sector was working alone, cyber security has changed this aspect. At the moment, the sector should work together with various security apparatus in order to gather the necessary updates on different measures that need to be taken in order to protect the private data. ReferencesBall,  M.  J., Weaver,  C.  A., & Kiel,  J.  M. (2004). Healthcare information management systems: Cases, strategies, and solutions. New York: Springer. Koontz,  L.  D. (2013). Information privacy in the evolvin g healthcare environment. Chicago, IL: Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society.

Revising E-Mails and Podcasts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Revising E-Mails and Podcasts - Essay Example When reading it is easy for somebody to get bored or keep losing track of the particular sentence he or she is reading. I am therefore suggesting three improvements that would ensure the reader’s attention is maintained. First, the sentences need to be grouped into paragraphs, second it would helpful if headings and subheading were included and lastly the font size and line spacing should be a bit bigger. My second issue is about the audio player, in my opinion I would prefer if instead of the player only showing a paly button, you should make your podcasts have some attractive pictures or slide show display relating to the topic. This will ensure the listener does not lose attention or focus to other moving objects in his or her environment. The third issue is the download link is missing from the podcast. Sometime I may require downloading the podcast and listening to it somewhere where I do not have internet connection. However, I have realized that without a third party application this is not possible. I think this would another better way to improve the podcast. Finally I would like to thank you for the informative and comprehensive nutrition advice you provide it has helped me a lot improve my lifestyle. Renagel, M. (2011, September 20). The Nutrition Diva: Quick and Dirty Tips for Eacting Well and Feeling Fabulous/155 ND Truth about Whole Grains. Retrieved from Podcast.com:

Technopaegnia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technopaegnia - Essay Example Opatianus’s work inspired Hrabanus Maurus (c 784-856), Archbishop of Mainz, a Carolingian poet and theologian. His famous work, In Praise of the Holy Cross was the first printed figure poem which was published in 1503. Visual poetry, as is obvious from the nomenclature, is the arrangement of text, images and symbols to convey the intended message of the work. It speaks silently. It is often referred to as the concrete poetry, but views differ on this issue. Concrete poetry is clearly recognizable as poetry, it has purely typographic elements; visual poetry is dependent on the texts on a minimal scale. Texts relate to visual function only. Non-text imagery has the main role. â€Å"For various reasons, the critical response to visual poetry over the years has been disappointing. Although the genre has a long and varied history, from the technopaegnia, of the ancient Greeks to the latest experiments with concrete poetry, it has received relatively little attention until recently.†(Neohelicon, 1990) When we mention technopaegnia, in the renaissance, Fortunius Licetus (1577-164) figures first. He was an Italian humanist. He edited many volumes on the classical writers and his contemporary, a Hungarian writer; Albert Molnar (1574-1634) translated Psalms in Hungarian language. His work, Lusus poetici, Games of the poets (1614), an anthology of Latin technopaegnia is well-known in this genre. A poem is supposed to be ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.’ The visual poem is the outward manifestation of the joyous expression of the inner world of the poet. It pictures the trials, tribulations, the joy, the duty and beauty of life through the various forms and moods of Nature. The ideas which apparently look silly are given life and color and one enjoys their simplicity. Bohn writes, â€Å"Thus the visual poem claims to abolish playfully the oldest oppositions of our alphabetic

Corruption and Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corruption and Law - Research Paper Example impact of corruption on the economic growth is high since it creates nonlinear relationship that exists between corruption, terrorism, and crime as well. In general, corruption is a propellant of unethical fibers of the civilization which implies that the exercise posses indisputably action among the people. This however, affects economic and social. When the entire regime in the government of a given nation allows an aspect of corruption, this aspect affects the entire society both morally and economically. However, a clean government is not an assurance that economic prosperity and growth will be attained. This means that rapid economic growth is propelled by the absence of risks and uncertainty within the prevailing regime (Hurd 2011, 47). Economic growth needs effective decision making from higher level of governance as this reduces bureaucratic intervention within the regime in power as per that time of governance. Corruption and economic growth are nonlinear correlation events in the sense that rapid growth in economy of the country can be possible if we have strong institutions devoid of corrupt activities. In addition, the regime should portray stability in its political events and provide reasonable decision making that propel fast economic growth (Detzer 2010, 65-68). We have various institutions in the U.S formed to cover the aspect of terrorism and transnational crime. Such institutions have been seen as aspects that propel corruption in any national governance in many nations worldwide. Corruption is based on international security, which foresees government position leaders, and the entire system comes in hand to support terrorism activities through funding. The aspect of long-term preservation by the transnational crime contributes highly on political campaigns through funding and they ensure that they are involved in nationalistic events. Through these activities, transnational crime however engages many of their activities within the prevailing

Impacts on Quality of Life Among School Children

Impacts on Quality of Life Among School Children PAVITRA A/P INDRAJOTHY INTRODUCTION It is the truth to say that children are our future and if that is true, more time and energy should be put into the beginning stages of each childs life. The early years of a child’s life are the most important in terms of their general well being, their emotional and social development, and their physical, intellectual and emotional growth. Children develop at different paces and a very high proportion of what they learn takes place in the first five to seven years of life. What happens in the home is extremely important to development in early childhood. There are things that can and should be done to help each child live a life that is productive and beneficial to those that they will interact with in their future. There are many aspects in todays world that make the quality of life of school children better and meaningful. For instance of aspects that can affect quality of life are obesity, bullying, lifestyle, emotional problems, divorce, socio cultural home environment, child abuse, oral health and back pain. First and foremost, there are reports saying that obese children demonstrate more negative self-perceptions, decreased self-worth, increased behavioural problems, lower self-esteem and lower body esteem and perceived cognitive ability. However, because of methodological limitations, definitions of obesity that differ with current recommendations and with non-validated measurements of health related quality of life, it is difficult to generalize the conclusions of these studies (Friedlander et al., 2003). According to research done by Nathan Woon in year 1981, Peninsular Malaysia is a multi-racial country of 12 million people, 41% of whom are less than 14 years of age (Vital Statistics Peninsular Malaysia 1975-Department of Statistics, Malaysia). The population consists of three main ethnic groups: the Malays (53%), the Chinese (35%) and the Indians (11%) (Vital Statistics, Peninsular Malaysia, 1975). Whilst in recent years, there has been an increasing tendency for the various ethnic groups to intermingle and to respect and understand the various cultures and traditions that coexist within the country, in the specific area of child rearing, as with marriages, deep-rooted traditions and customs continue to remain a crucial factor and probably contribute, to some extent, to the pattern and incidence of child abuse in the various races. Bullying has been conceptualized globally as acting in any way that threatens or hurts someone less powerful. Furthermore, bullying also can be distinguished among the different way in which aggressive acts are performed. There are different types of bullying which is physical, verbal, or indirect bullying. Furthermore, distinctions among aggressor’s possible aims can also be made. For instance, bullying physically to hurt the victim or for damage the victim’s relationship with others (Rigby, 2003). Next, parental separation is usually the first major and drastic change in a child’s life. This distressing event drastically alters the family’s future, bringing to a sense of loss due to interference in daily routines as well as absence of daily contact with both parents (Eymann et al., 2009). Lastly, obesity, dental caries and periodontal diseases are among major public health concerns which may affect children’s growth and development. Sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits could lead to poor oral hygiene statuses and increase the tendency to develop periodontitis and obesity at young ages (Anand et al., 2014). DISCUSSION OBESITY Worldwide estimates of childhood obesity are as high as 43 million, and rates continue to increase each year. Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the present era and it causes serious consequences in the later years (Anand et al., 2014). According to Friedlander et al., childhood obesity is a major public health problem with increasing prevalence; approximately 30% of US school-aged children are defined as overweight or at risk for overweight. Anand and Friedlander states that overweight children are more likely to suffer from a range of chronic health problem such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep apnoea and asthma. They also concluded that children who are overweight are more likely to become overweight adults. There was a study conducted by Friedlander et al. among 371 students aged 8-10 years old excluding those who had sleep apnoea or who were born prematurely. Based on BMI categories of the study, 17.5% of the children were overweight, 12.4% were at risk for overweight, 8.1% were underweight, and 62.0% were of normal weight. Moreover, children who are overweight have a 2 to 4 times increased odds of having low scores for physiological health, self-esteem, and physical functioning. Similarly, children who are at risk for being overweight have higher odds of having low physical functioning scores. Furthermore, lower self-esteem also was observed in children who are underweight. Children with higher BMIs are more likely than normal weight children to be perceived by their parents as having feelings of anxiety and depression, of exhibiting aggressive or immature behaviour, as having role limitations in their schoolwork and social activities, and as having low self-esteem. And, their parents also report higher levels of emotional distress and little personal time because of their children’s health or behaviour (Friedlander et al., 2003). As a suggestion, if the child or teenager is overweight, further weight gain can be prevented. Parents can help their children in maintaining their weights in the healthy range. In infancy, breastfeeding and delaying introduction of solid foods may help in preventing obesity. In early childhood, children should be given healthy, low-fat snacks and they should be allowed to take part in moderate-vigorous physical activity every day. Older children can be taught to select healthy, nutritious foods and to develop good exercise habits (Anand et al., 2014). BULLYING Bullying invariably involve an imbalance of power in which the aggressor is more powerful than the victim. Moreover, bullying occurs when there is conflict between people of unequally power (Rigby, 2003). As identified by Rigby in year 2003, four categories of negative health conditions are low psychological well-being, poor social adjustment, psychological distress and physical unwellness. Low psychological well-being includes states of mind that are generally considered unpleasant but not acutely distressing, such as general unhappiness, low self-esteem, and feelings of anger and sadness. Next, poor social adjustment normally includes feeling of loathing toward one’s social environment, evident through expressed dislike for workplace or school, manifest loneliness, segregation and absenteeism. Moreover, psychological distress is considered more serious than the low psychological well-being and poor social adjustment categories and comprises high levels of depression, anxiety and suicidal thinking. Last but not least, physical unwellness can determine by precise signs of physical disorder, evident in medically diagnosed illness. Furthermore, psychosomatic symptoms also can be incorporated in this category. Various strategies or treatment should be considered and give a thought to reduce the chances of a child’s further severe involvement in bullying that can worsen the child’s condition. The approach include helping victimized children to evolve self-protective assertiveness skills and working therapeutically with bullying children to create a greater awareness of the repercussion of their antisocial behaviour (Rigby, 2003). LIFESTYLE Television is still the most widely-viewed screen worldwide. Globally, people are spending more time sitting at work and at home, and there’s mounting evidence that this â€Å"sit time† is a major contributor to the obesity epidemic. Sedentary activities not only TV watching, but also working at desk jobs, using computers, playing video games and driving cars. Increasingly, there’s evidence that watching TV and, especially, watching junk food ads on TV promotes obesity by changing mainly as to what and how much people eat (Anand et al., 2014). Too much television viewing among children has been linked with inadequate study patterns. Inappropriate television-viewing has been linked to erratic sleep/wake schedules and poor sleep quality, violent or aggressive behaviour, substance use, sexual activity resulting in decreased school performance or even school drop-out (Karande Kulkarni, 2005). EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS Conditions which cause emotional problems in children such as chronic neglect, sexual abuse, parents getting divorced or losing a sibling might cause long term distress resulting in academic underachievement. Besides that, children can face severe emotional upheavals during the treatment of chronic health impairments such as asthma, cancer, cerebral palsy, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, hemophilia, rheumatic diseases, or thallasemia, resulting in low self-esteem and loss of motivation to study (Karande Kulkarni, 2005). As recommended by Karande Kulkarni in year 2005, children with emotional problems need counselling sessions with a child psychologist or a child psychiatrist. Depending on the severity, at times, appropriate medications (anxiolytics, antidepressants) may be needed. DIVORCE As emphasizes by Eymann et al. in year 2009, divorce is becoming increasingly common in our society, seriously affecting all parties involved, especially children. There were studies conducted in USA and in Europe and roughly calculated that 30 to 50% of children will suffer the effect from a divorce, almost same rates have been reported in Argentina. Eymann et al. conducted a study at the Hospital Italiano, Argentina. A total of 330 families were invited to take part and only 313 completed the questionnaire; 160 from married family and 153 from divorced family. They defined divorced family (DF) as parents who choose to stay at separate residence regardless of legal marital status while married family (MF) as parents who choose to share residence with their children regardless of legal marital status. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychological quality of life among school aged children of divorced parents by using Child Health Questionnaire – Parent Form 50 (CHQ-PF 50). The results showed that CHQ-PF 50 scores were higher in children of MF than in those of DF for various domains, such as self-esteem, time impact on family, mental health, behaviour, social-emotional functioning and behaviour, and lastly the psychosocial summary score joining all these factors. As proved in the results, boys had poorer psychosocial quality of life than girls. This was explained perhaps by the effects of less daily father-child connection on gender-specific identity traits. Furthermore, it is well known that separated mothers who have legal child custody usually suffer a greater slope in their standard of living. Norton Glick and Duncan et al. have clearly proved the unfavourable economic repercussion of divorce on child well-being. In this study, maternal remarriage didn’t appear to influence quality of life of child. Maternal remarriage could impact children who must readapt to new family basis and dynamics. However, a new partner perhaps could provide additional financial support since parental separation usually involves a fall in family income. Moreover, the new couple may construct an improved marital relationship, hence could minimize the distressing emotional burden on children and making the stepfather as a positive and ideal role model (Eymann et al., 2009). Lastly, in this study, separation by mutual agreement because of higher maternal education or maternal university education level and longer the length of time passed since separation has inclined psychosocial quality of life scores, while scores declined in boys and for each one-year increment of maternal age. Eymann et al. proves that higher maternal educational level could give positive impact on psychosocial quality of life, which may be explained as a consequence of the skills build through education years, allowing better and organized control of the marital problems and crisis and greater agreement on conflict issues (Eymann et al., 2009). CHILD ABUSE A prospective study was made of all cases of child abuse seen at the University Hospital, between July 1978 and June 1980. A total of 19 cases, 16 of physical and 3 of sexual abuse were diagnosed during this period. The relatively high (32%) incidence of child abuse amongst Malay families was quite surprised, as Malay children are generally much loved and pampered. Nathan and Woon suspect that the increasing incidence of child abuse amongst the Malays is probably related to their urban migration in recent years with the resultant breakdown of the extended family system and the need to cope with the pressures of life in an unfamiliar urban setting (Nathan Woon, 1981). The commonest injuries found on admission were bruises and injuries to the face and scalp. The majority of the abusers in our series were parents, the ratio of father to mother being. Both social and personal factors in the life of the abuser seem to contribute to the act of child abuse. Marital disharmony appears to feature prominently amongst the interpersonal problems, while two abusers gave a history of having been abused physically during their early childhood (Nathan Woon, 1981). SOCIOCULTURAL HOME ENVIRONMENT It has been recognized that children from poor socioeconomic status families have higher chances of poor school performance. Malnutrition due to poverty coupled with low education and status of parents adversely affect their cognitive development. Such children also have higher chances of experiencing, right from their pre-school years, parental attitudes which do not motivate them to study and an unsatisfactory home environment which does not encourage learning (witnessing domestic violence, family stressors, and adverse life events). Alleviation of hunger, by providing one balanced meal in school is one of the mechanisms to improve academic achievement in undernourished low-income elementary school children (Karande Kulkarni, 2005). Besides that, many of these disadvantaged children are studying in English medium schools as their parents believe that this would help them progress in life. These children face the added burden of language barrier, namely, they are not conversant in English as they came from non-English speaking families, which leads to poor school performance or even school failure. Parents of children with language barrier should be counselled to educate their children in their own language medium schools or to attend a facility for language stimulation if that is available and affordable (Karande Kulkarni, 2005). ORAL HEALTH In the research carried out by Anand et al. in year 2014, they noticed that poor oral hygiene statuses in children who spent more time watching television, playing video games, as their consumption of soft drinks and fast foods was more and due to lack of adequate exercise. BACK PAIN Musculoskeletal pain is exceedingly common in young adults. A questionnaire survey was carried out by Brattberg in year 1994 among children 8, 11, 13 and 17 years old. The prevalence of back pain and headaches among 1,245 Swedish school children was studied. 29% of the students reported back pain and 48% headache. In all age groups studied, both back pain and headaches were more common among girls than boys. Girls also reported more frequent symptoms than boys (Brattberg, 1994). CONCLUSION Children who are at risk for or who are overweight having odds 2 to 4 times greater for lower health related quality of life scores for physiological health, self esteem and physical functioning. Parents of children who are overweight also were more likely to evidence higher levels of emotional distress because of their children’s health. Being relatively underweight also was associated with lower self-esteem (Friedlander et al., 2003). Ken Rigby in year 2003 concluded that being victimized by peers is notably related to relatively low levels of psychological well-being and social adjustment and lastly to high levels of psychological distress and unfavourable physical health symptoms. Eymann et al. in year 2009 concluded that children’s psychosocial quality of life was affected by divorce. Psychosocial quality of life improved when parents had divorced by mutual agreement, the mother had a university education, when more time had elapsed since separation and was poorer in boys and in children of older mothers. And, quality of life can be improved as more time elapses after the divorce, this is because may be it can be interpreted as a process of accepting the family modification. And lastly, poor oral hygiene was observed in children who spent more time in leisure activities and that lifestyle factors could make an impact on oral hygiene and periodontal health. A need exists for addressing obesity, oral health and nutrition, jointly in health promotion strategies, to improve well-being of children and also to empower good life-style factors (Anand et al., 2014).

Cannibalism as a Sexual Disorder :: Anthropology Essays Paleontology Papers

Cannibalism as a Sexual Disorder Cannibalism occurs prevalently in both Tarzan and Heart of Darkness, and is a controversial topic with which the public is largely unfamiliar. Although cannibalism is generally thought of in a primitive animal sense, experts have revealed that cannibalism can be identified as a sexual disorder (O’Connor). A cannibal is scientifically classified as an anthropophagus (â€Å"Anthropophagus†), which falls under the category of Anthropophagy. Anthropophagy by definition is the sexual gratification by consumption of human flesh or blood. Although rather disturbing, sexual cannibalism is now accepted as the more common variety of cannibalism (O’Connor). Because sexual cannibalism is considered to be a social taboo both today, and during the times of Tarzan and Marlow, the creation of entertainment based on it has been limited, though the urges to expand on this topic may have been far more prevalent. There have been many films and novels created which depict the anthropophagy related to animals, most specifically, spiders. For example, films such as â€Å"Invasion of the Body Snatchers† and â€Å"Little Shop of Horrors† develop the similarities among human and insect anthropophagy (O’Connor). Due to the use of Anthropophagy for leisure purposes, it is evident that cannibalism is a topic of much interest among humans, aside from its label as a social taboo. Technically, a human’s eating of another human has a chemical effect on the blood. Too much human meat causes a build up of vitamin A and amino acids such as homocysteine in the bloodstream, which could cause congenital defects in future offspring. However, if human organs which are rich in B vitamins and folic acid are eaten along with the human meat, homocysteine is not able to metabolize in the bloodstream. This means that cannibalism could hypothetically be the basis of a healthy diet (â€Å"Natural Food†). Contrary to human meat and organs actually being healthy to a human diet, cannibalism is also said to cause madness and addiction based on sexual urges and gratification. Kate Rix depicts that sexual cannibalism in its truest sense may in fact lead to the development of necrophilia tendencies. Disturbing behavior, such as that of cannibalism as well as necrophilism, is a result of chemical imbalances in the brain.

Too Much Delegation In Nissan

Good communication skills can help a manager successfully delegate responsibility to subordinates. It is a process of good thing that spreads the workload, rewards subordinates with decision making power, develop subordinates capabilities and allow decision to be made. By practicing delegation process, an organization can do achieve their set of goal. Nissan, a renowned Japanese automaker is the best example of practicing delegation. From the case study â€Å"Too much delegation at Nissan†, we have got some findings that how Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Nissan, did apply to get success by practicing delegation.Question 1: What are some advantages that Carlos Ghosn can expect to obtain from retaining decision-making authority at the CEO level? What are some potential pitfalls that he must be aware of? Answer : Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Nissan joined in 1999. Nissan, Japanese automakers vehicle that is 44% own of second largest car company in Japan namely Renault. Before joining Carlos, Niss an was near bankruptcy. They had unappealing models, low market share and declining profitability. At this crucial moment, Carlos took responsibility in Nissan to safe its sink.Skilled Carlos think â€Å"what people think about him and which approach should apply? †. He did not apply traditional approach even he did not convince the people. Ghosn laid off employees who acted as advisors but had no operational authority. He consulted his subordinates, then made decision own. He hired hot designer from rival firms and gave them authority over new product development resulting slew of innovative, award winning designs such as the Xterra and the updated stylish new altima.As a CEO, Carlos can expect to obtain from his subordinates- To get more work following a team based work – To help him burden by doing major portion of the organizations work. – Designer will do provide high range car design. – To solve any existing problem and innovate of new idea.  œ Subordinates will operate and monitor all about operational activities. As Carlos, got all type of supported from his subordinates, He did able to revive new model. Although he had aware of some pit falls. – Actually, he did follow boldness and risky approach where as all other Nissan Manager followed Caution and slowness.As cost cutting approach had lead to success all other divisions of Renault, Carlos did reduces expenses. – And most important his hidden inspiration. He inspired the designer hired from china for their special design. Upon his successful guide and delegation, Nissan profits and sales are up substantially. With eight new models in 2003 and four more in 2004. Nissan has the potential to surpass Toyota currently number one automaker in Japan and the innovation is continue. Question 2: Give at least three example of decisions that can be most effectively made with a decentralized process.Give at least three examples of decisions that can be most effect ively made with a decentralized process. Do not use example from the case above. Explain your choices. Answer : Decentralization and its example: Decentralization refers that, decision making is not only restricted to top management. Decision are also made by lower level employees because they are more towards the action of performance. They can quickly solve the problem and more people are involved in giving decision. Decentralization make employees feel that organization is trusting on them and giving right to make decision.Example 1: As the company X is suffering from loss for two years, the employee concluded that as the company is closed for 5 to 6 days per month in a year due to strikes in country, productivity is low. So to achieve the productivity, employee will do over time. Example 2: Franchise company like KFC, control most product development and marketing strategy at the top, but they give franchise owners a great deal of independence in running their individual stores. Franchise owners make staffing decisions, decisions on hours of operation and compensation decisions completely on their own.Example 3: Sainsbury`s, the second largest retail shop in across the UK, the CEO Justin King have given their store manager considerably more discretion on what merchandise to stock in their store. Today in modern world, most organization is following decentralization. It makes organization more flexible and responsive. Centralization and its example: Centralization refers that decision making in the organization can be done by only top management. It is the formal authority that top management will give decisions which will be followed by everyone without any changes.When only top managers take decision without any option of lower level employees, the organization is centralized. In simple word, top manager has right to take decision without any view of lower level of manager is called centralization. Example 1: Top management of Company X decided that the m edical facility of the employees will not be provided for six month because the company is suffering from loss for two years. Example 2: A manager of a trucking company makes all operational decisions, sending information to the individual drivers through dispatches.Example 3: The central bank of Bangladesh monitoring and evaluating all other govt. owned bank and private bank in Bangladesh. They published rules and regulation for other bank and every bank followed this rules. Those decision are taken by only top management without any recommendation of lower level employee. Question 3: Japanese management system depends on high specialization. Dose a high level of specialization typically lead to decentralization? Why or Why not?Answer: The Japanese management system depends on high specialization and this lead  to decentralization. We know that, specialization typically related with decentralization. Specialization is the degree to which the overall task of the organization is br oken down and divided into smaller component part where as the decentralization is the process of systematically delegating power and authority through the organization to middle and lower level organization.That means, when specialization follow its every steps like rotation, enrichment, enlargement etc. every employees got some power to achieve the selected target i.e. some systematic delegation has been practiced . An example like Pin factory, improved its productivity using specialization. One man drew the wire, another straight tended, a third cut it and a fourth ground the point and so on and thus on ten man produces 48,000 pin in a day, where as a man alone could produce 20 pin per days. Here, we see that the systematic delegation has been followed in every lower level employee to do work independently as well as the employee did team work that completely reflected decentralization process.From the case study we have known that, all most all business firms in Japan, are tradi tionally team based structure and a consensus approach to decision making which clearly reflected decentralization. The management system in Japan allows a lot of participation from employees at all levels. The management expertise understand the consumer, understand the people they are dealing with and they understand the government and they need in the market place. Based on need they hire high ranking manager who guide the employee as well as give them power to achieve target and they are getting success.The above description of specialization and decentralization, it is clear that both are the same pattern and interrelated. For success in any business not only in Japan but in all across in the world it is essential to follow decentralization a well as specialization. I am strongly agree that high level of specialization lead to dencetralization. —- Question 1: What are some advantages that Carlos Ghosn can expect to obtain from retaining decision-making authority at the C EO level? What are some potential pitfalls that he must be aware of? Answer :Nissan, Japanese automakers vehicle that is 44% own of second largest car company in Japan namely Renault. Before joining Carlos, Nissan was near bankruptcy. They had unappealing models, low market share and declining profitability. At this crucial moment, Carlos took responsibility in Nissan to safe its sink. Ghosn laid off employees who acted as advisors but had no operational authority. He consulted his subordinates, then made decision own. He hired hot designer from rival firms and gave them authority over new product development resulting slew of innovative, award winning designs such as the Xterra and the updated stylish new altima.As a CEO, Carlos can expect to obtain from his subordinates- To solve any existing problem and innovate of new idea. – Subordinates will operate and monitor all about operational activities. – To get more work following a team based work – To help him b urden by doing major portion of the organizations work. – Designer will do provide high range car design. As Carlos, got all type of supported from his subordinates, He did able to revive new model. Although he had aware of some pit falls. – Actually, he did follow boldness and risky approach where as all other Nissan Manager followed Caution and slowness.As cost cutting approach had lead to success all other divisions of Renault, Carlos did reduces expenses. And most important his hidden inspiration. He inspired the designer hired from china for their special design. Question 2: Give at least three example of decisions that can be most effectively made with a decentralized process. Give at least three examples of decisions that can be most effectively made with a decentralized process. Do not use example from the case above. Explain your choices. Answer :Decentralization: Decentralization is the process of systematically retaining power and authority throughout the or ganization to middle and lower level manager. They can quickly solve the problem and more people are involved in giving decision. Decentralization make employees feel that organization is trusting on them and giving right to make decision. Example 1. As the company X is suffering from loss for two years, the employee concluded that as the company is closed for 5 to 6 days per month in a year due to strikes in country, productivity is low.So to achieve the productivity, employee will do over time. 2. Franchise company like Pizza Hurt, control most product development and marketing strategy at the top, but they give franchise owners a great deal of independence in running their individual stores. Franchise owners make staffing decisions, decisions on hours of operation and compensation decisions completely on their own. 3. Wal-Mart the largest retail shop in across the USA, The higher authority have given their store manager considerably more discretion on what merchandise to stock in their store.Centralization: Centralization is the process of systematically retaining power and authority in the hand of higher level manager. When only top managers take decision without any option of lower level employees, the organization is centralized. In simple word, top manager has right to take decision without any view of lower level of manager is called centralization. Example 1. Top management of Company X decided that the medical facility of the employees will not be provided for six month because the company is suffering from loss for two years. 2.A manager of a trucking company makes all operational decisions, sending information to the individual drivers through dispatches. 3. The central bank of Bangladesh monitoring and evaluating all other govt. owned bank and private bank in Bangladesh. They published rules and regulation for other bank and every bank followed this rules. Question 3: Japanese management system depends on high specialization. Dose a high level of specialization typically lead to decentralization? Why or Why not? Answer : The Japanese management system depends on high specialization and this lead to decentralization.We know that, specialization typically related with decentralization. Specialization is the degree to which the overall task of the organization is broken down and divided into smaller component part where as the decentralization is the process of systematically delegating power and authority through the organization to middle and lower level organization. That means, when specialization follow its every steps like rotation, enrichment, enlargement etc. every employees got some power to achieve the selected target. An example like Pin factory, improved its productivity using specialization.One man drew the wire, another straight tended, a third cut it and a fourth ground the point and so on and thus on ten man produces 48,000 pin in a day, where as a man alone could produce 20 pin per days. Here, we see that every lower level employee had some power and authority to do work independently as well as the employee did team work that completely reflected decentralization process. From the case study we have known that, all most all business firms in Japan, are traditionally team based structure and a consensus approach to decision making which clearly reflected decentralization.The management system in Japan allows a lot of participation from employees at all levels. The management expertise understand the consumer, understand the people they are dealing with and they understand the government and they need in the market place. Based on need they hire high ranking manager who guide the employee as well as give them power to achieve target and they are getting success. I am strongly agree that high level of specialization lead to decentralization.

Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination essayEssay Writing Service

Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination essayEssay Writing Service Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination essay Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination essayThe regulation of individuals’ social behavior is carried out through the system of individual attitudes. The forms of attitudes, stable and closed from the influence of new experience, are presented by stereotypes and prejudices. Their cognitive component contains distorted, irrational, absurd knowledge about objects that do not meet the changing reality. With respect to inanimate objects this refers, for example, to all sorts of superstitions, but in the social sphere, stereotypes and prejudices widely serve as the justification of racial, ethnic, class and economic differences. The significance of prejudices and stereotypes as an illusory, fantastic explanation of reality consists in the fact that they indirectly contribute to the preservation of social inequality and inhibit progressive change.  Prejudice and stereotypes as illusionStereotypes mean extremely stable and limited understanding of a social object or situation b y which people are guided in their behavior without a second thought (Myers, 2012; Feenstra, 2013). A major role in the structure of a stereotype belongs to its emotional charge, which clearly indicates to what is acceptable and unacceptable in relation to any object. Thus, if an object of a stereotype is another person, the major features are often one’s gender, nationality, or profession, while other differences may be unduly ignored. According to Inzlicht and Schmader (2011), the specificity of this approach lies in the unconscious division of people into â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† with ingroup experiences perceived as idealized and endowed with pculiarities in a positive way (autostereotype), while outgroups are endowed with negative assessments (heterostereotype). As a result, stereotypes form a simplified and highly superficial understanding of the social reality phenomena.In its turn, the concept of prejudice includes irrational components of social and in dividual consciousness, based on the inaccurate, distorted, stereotypized knowledge that was accepted uncritically, with the negative emotional manifestations becoming intense (Myers, 2012; Feenstra, 2013). A person with a prejudice may not like those who are different and discriminate against them by one’s actions. Thus, while prejudice is a negative attitude, discrimination is a negative behavior. In general, basing on Myers (2012) and Inzlicht and Schmader (2011) studies, negative assessments as a measure of prejudice may be linked to the emotional associations, need to justify one’s discriminatory behavior or stable negative beliefs, i.e. stereotypes.Prejudices and stereotypes have several sources as they perform several functions. In particular, they can express a sense of one’s Self and the desire to seek affectation from the society; defend self-concept from anxiety caused by uncertainty about one’s own safety or internal conflict; as well as suppo rt group interests, values, and social status. Given the latter, in our opinion, one of the most important origins of prejudice and stereotypes is social inequality. It is difficult, for example, to disagree with Inzlicht and Schmader (2011) that stereotypical views about African Americans and women help to justify the lower social status of these groups. Indeed, prejudices basically help justify the economic and social superiority of those with wealth and power. Meanwhile, attitudes can easily match the social hierarchy not only because they justify it, but also because occurring discrimination affects those who become its victims, and so the social beliefs can turn into self-fulfilling prophecies, as Myers (2012) and Feenstra (2013) argue.In addition, identifying ourselves with certain groups, we include social identification into the personal one (i.e. a sense of personal qualities and attitudes). As Myers (2012) marks, categorizing people into groups, we thus contrast our group to other groups (â€Å"they†) with a clear predisposition and manifestation of favoritism for our own groups. As a result, a sense of belonging (â€Å"we†-feeling) increases our self-concept and helps to achieve inner peace. We are looking for not only self-esteem, but also opportunities to be proud of our group. Moreover, the fact that we perceive our groups as different in the better way from the others contributes to the situation where we also tend to see ourselves in a more attractive light (Myers, 2012; Feenstra, 2013). On this basis, stereotypes successfully fix in the public mind, and conformism here plays an important role. Indeed, the shaped prejudices are kept up mainly by inertia, as Feenstra (2013) reasonably notes. If a prejudice is accepted by the society, the majority will prefer to take the path of least and will promote stereotypes not so much because of the need to hate someone as because of the desire to be accepted and valued by this society.In its essence, the underlying cause of stereotypes’ adoption is a non-developed cognitive component (Myers, 2012; Inzlicht Schmader, 2011). In particular, explaining the actions of others, an individual often makes a fundamental attribution error: being inclined to attribute the behavior of people to their internal dispositions, one does not consider important situational forces (Feenstra, 2013). In addition, as Myers (2012) puts this, it is an attribution error that makes an individual biased in the interpretation of one’s own group members’ behavior as positive, whereas positive actions committed by the members of an out-group are usually not taken into account. In general, we sometimes make judgments or start communicating with someone having nothing but a stereotype at hand. In such cases, stereotypes and prejudice are able to fully deprive of objectivity and distort the interpretation and memories of people and environment.  ConclusionThe modern view of preju dice arising due to the recent studies leads us to an idea of how stereotypical thinking becomes a byproduct of information processing – a method individuals apply to simplify the perception of the world. However, the emergence of illusive relationships between the belonging to a certain social group and one’s behavior has both cognitive sources and cognitive consequences. Directing our interpretation and our memories, stereotypical thinking results in the fact that we find evidence in its favor, even where such evidence is not present at all. Therefore, stereotypes are resilient and difficult to modify. And yet, there are some reserve methods that can weaken them. Thus, if status inequality creates prejudice, the society should strive to create relationships where cooperation and social equality will dominate. In particular, if we know that some type of discrimination is based on prejudice, we need to get rid of discrimination, but depriving it of any institutional su pport. Generally, it is believed that the psychological and social health of a person is based on awareness of both one’s own individuality and uniqueness and group identity, as well as one’s belonging to all humanity.